| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABS | Returns the absolute value of a number. | =ABS(number) | =ABS(-5) | 5 |
| ACOS | Returns the arccosine of a number. | =ACOS(number) | =ACOS(0.5) | 1.0472 |
| ACOSH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. | =ACOSH(number) | =ACOSH(2) | 1.31696 |
| ACOT | Returns the arccotangent of a number. | =ACOT(number) | =ACOT(1) | 0.7854 |
| ACOTH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number. | =ACOTH(number) | =ACOTH(2) | 0.5493 |
| AGGREGATE | Returns an aggregate using a specified function. | =AGGREGATE(function; options; range) | =AGGREGATE(9;4;A1:A10) | Sum ignoring errors |
| ARABIC | Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic number. | =ARABIC(roman_number) | =ARABIC("XV") | 15 |
| ASIN | Returns the arcsine of a number. | =ASIN(number) | =ASIN(0.5) | 0.5236 |
| ASINH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number. | =ASINH(number) | =ASINH(1) | 0.8814 |
| ATAN | Returns the arctangent of a number. | =ATAN(number) | =ATAN(1) | 0.7854 |
| ATAN2 | Returns the arctangent of the x and y coordinates. | =ATAN2(y; x) | =ATAN2(1;1) | 0.7854 |
| ATANH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. | =ATANH(number) | =ATANH(0.5) | 0.5493 |
| AVEDEV | Returns the average of the absolute deviations. | =AVEDEV(number1; ...) | =AVEDEV(1;2;3) | 0.667 |
| BASE | Converts a number to a specified numeric base. | =BASE(number; base; [min_digits]) | =BASE(10;2) | 1010 |
| CEILING | Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple. | =CEILING(number; multiple) | =CEILING(4.3;1) | 5 |
| CEILING.MATH | Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple (more options). | =CEILING.MATH(number; [multiple]; [mode]) | =CEILING.MATH(4.3;1) | 5 |
| CEILING.PRECISE | Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple (precise). | =CEILING.PRECISE(number; [multiple]) | =CEILING.PRECISE(4.3;1) | 5 |
| COMBIN | Returns the number of combinations. | =COMBIN(number; number_chosen) | =COMBIN(5;3) | 10 |
| COMBINA | Returns the number of combinations with repetition. | =COMBINA(number; number_chosen) | =COMBINA(5;3) | 35 |
| COS | Returns the cosine of an angle. | =COS(number) | =COS(PI()/3) | 0.5 |
| COT | Returns the cotangent of an angle. | =COT(number) | =COT(PI()/4) | 1 |
| CSC | Returns the cosecant of an angle. | =CSC(number) | =CSC(PI()/2) | 1 |
| DECIMAL | Converts a number from any base to decimal. | =DECIMAL(number; base) | =DECIMAL("101";2) | 5 |
| DEGREES | Converts radians to degrees. | =DEGREES(angle) | =DEGREES(PI()) | 180 |
| EVEN | Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer. | =EVEN(number) | =EVEN(3) | 4 |
| EXP | Returns e raised to the power of a number. | =EXP(number) | =EXP(1) | 2.7183 |
| FACT | Returns the factorial of a number. | =FACT(number) | =FACT(5) | 120 |
| FACTDOUBLE | Returns the double factorial of a number. | =FACTDOUBLE(number) | =FACTDOUBLE(5) | 15 |
| FLOOR | Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple. | =FLOOR(number; significance) | =FLOOR(4.7; 1) | 4 |
| GCD | Returns the greatest common divisor. | =GCD(number1; number2) | =GCD(24; 36) | 12 |
| INT | Rounds a number down to the nearest integer. | =INT(number) | =INT(4.9) | 4 |
| LCM | Returns the least common multiple. | =LCM(number1; number2) | =LCM(3;4) | 12 |
| LN | Returns the natural logarithm of a number. | =LN(number) | =LN(2.7183) | 1 |
| LOG | Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. | =LOG(number; [base]) | =LOG(100;10) | 2 |
| LOG10 | Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. | =LOG10(number) | =LOG10(100) | 2 |
| MDETERM | Returns the matrix determinant. | =MDETERM(array) | =MDETERM({{1,2};{3,4}}) | -2 |
| MINVERSE | Returns the inverse of a matrix. | =MINVERSE(array) | =MINVERSE({{1,2};{3,4}}) | inverse matrix |
| MMULT | Returns the matrix product of two arrays. | =MMULT(array1; array2) | =MMULT({{1,2};{3,4}};{{5,6};{7,8}}) | product |
| MOD | Returns the remainder of a division. | =MOD(number; divisor) | =MOD(10;3) | 1 |
| MROUND | Rounds to the nearest multiple. | =MROUND(number; multiple) | =MROUND(10;3) | 9 |
| MULTINOMIAL | Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers. | =MULTINOMIAL(n1; n2; ...) | =MULTINOMIAL(2;3;4) | 1260 |
| MUNIT | Returns the identity matrix. | =MUNIT(dimension) | =MUNIT(2) | {{1,0},{0,1}} |
| ODD | Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer. | =ODD(number) | =ODD(2.5) | 3 |
| PI | Returns the value of pi. | =PI() | =PI() | 3.1416 |
| POWER | Returns the result of a number raised to a power. | =POWER(base; exponent) | =POWER(2;3) | 8 |
| PRODUCT | Multiplies all numbers provided as arguments. | =PRODUCT(number1; number2...) | =PRODUCT(2;3;4) | 24 |
| QUOTIENT | Returns the integer portion of a division. | =QUOTIENT(number1; number2) | =QUOTIENT(10;3) | 3 |
| RADIANS | Converts degrees to radians. | =RADIANS(degrees) | =RADIANS(180) | 3.1416 |
| RAND | Returns a random number between 0 and 1. | =RAND() | =RAND() | 0.1234 (varies) |
| RANDBETWEEN | Returns a random integer between two values. | =RANDBETWEEN(lower; upper) | =RANDBETWEEN(1;100) | 42 (varies) |
| ROMAN | Converts a number to a Roman numeral. | =ROMAN(number) | =ROMAN(15) | XV |
| ROUND | Rounds a number to a specified number of digits. | =ROUND(number; num_digits) | =ROUND(3.14159;2) | 3.14 |
| ROUNDDOWN | Rounds a number down. | =ROUNDDOWN(number; num_digits) | =ROUNDDOWN(3.9;0) | 3 |
| ROUNDUP | Rounds a number up. | =ROUNDUP(number; num_digits) | =ROUNDUP(3.1;0) | 4 |
| SEC | Returns the secant of an angle. | =SEC(number) | =SEC(PI()/3) | 2 |
| SECH | Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number. | =SECH(number) | =SECH(0) | 1 |
| SERIESSUM | Returns the sum of a power series based on a formula. | =SERIESSUM(x; n; m; coefficients) | =SERIESSUM(1;0;1;{1,2,3}) | 6 |
| SIGN | Returns the sign of a number. | =SIGN(number) | =SIGN(-10) | -1 |
| SIN | Returns the sine of an angle (in radians). | =SIN(number) | =SIN(PI()/2) | 1 |
| SINH | Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. | =SINH(number) | =SINH(0) | 0 |
| SQRT | Returns the square root of a number. | =SQRT(number) | =SQRT(16) | 4 |
| SQRTPI | Returns the square root of (number Γ PI). | =SQRTPI(number) | =SQRTPI(2) | 2.5066 |
| SUBTOTAL | Returns a subtotal in a list or database. | =SUBTOTAL(function; range) | =SUBTOTAL(9;A1:A10) | Sum |
| SUM | Adds all numbers provided as arguments. | =SUM(number1; number2; ...) | =SUM(1;2;3) | 6 |
| SUMIF | Sums values based on one criterion. | =SUMIF(range; criterion; [sum_range]) | =SUMIF(A1:A5;">2") | sum of values > 2 |
| SUMIFS | Sums values based on multiple criteria. | =SUMIFS(sum_range; range1; criterion1; ...) | =SUMIFS(A1:A5;B1:B5;">2") | sum multiple criteria |
| SUMPRODUCT | Returns the sum of products of corresponding ranges or arrays. | =SUMPRODUCT(array1; [array2]; ...) | =SUMPRODUCT({1,2};{3,4}) | 11 |
| SUMSQ | Returns the sum of squares of the arguments. | =SUMSQ(number1; number2; ...) | =SUMSQ(2;3) | 13 |
| SUMX2MY2 | Returns the sum of differences of squares of corresponding values. | =SUMX2MY2(array_x; array_y) | =SUMX2MY2({2;3};{1;1}) | 9 |
| SUMX2PY2 | Returns the sum of squares of corresponding values. | =SUMX2PY2(array_x; array_y) | =SUMX2PY2({2;3};{1;1}) | 15 |
| SUMXMY2 | Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values. | =SUMXMY2(array_x; array_y) | =SUMXMY2({2;3};{1;1}) | 5 |
| TAN | Returns the tangent of an angle (in radians). | =TAN(number) | =TAN(PI()/4) | 1 |
| TANH | Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number. | =TANH(number) | =TANH(1) | 0.7616 |
| TRUNC | Truncates a number by removing its fractional part. | =TRUNC(number; [num_digits]) | =TRUNC(8.9) | 8 |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AVERAGE | Calculates the average of the values. | =AVERAGE(number1; number2; ...) | =AVERAGE(2;4;6) | 4 |
| AVERAGEA | Calculates the average including text as 0. | =AVERAGEA(value1; value2; ...) | =AVERAGEA(2;"text";4) | 2 |
| AVERAGEIF | Calculates the average of values that meet a criterion. | =AVERAGEIF(range; criterion; [avg_range]) | =AVERAGEIF(A1:A5;">2") | average of values > 2 |
| AVERAGEIFS | Calculates the average based on multiple criteria. | =AVERAGEIFS(avg_range; range1; criterion1; ...) | =AVERAGEIFS(A1:A5;B1:B5;">2") | average multiple criteria |
| BETA.DIST | Returns the beta distribution function. | =BETA.DIST(x; alpha; beta; cumulative; [A]; [B]) | =BETA.DIST(0.5;2;3;TRUE) | 0.6875 |
| BETA.INV | Returns the inverse of the beta distribution function. | =BETA.INV(probability; alpha; beta; [A]; [B]) | =BETA.INV(0.6875;2;3) | 0.5 |
| BINOM.DIST | Returns the binomial distribution. | =BINOM.DIST(num_s; trials; prob_s; cumulative) | =BINOM.DIST(6;10;0.5;FALSE) | 0.205 |
| BINOM.DIST.RANGE | Returns the probability of a number of successes. | =BINOM.DIST.RANGE(trials; prob_s; number_s; [number_s2]) | =BINOM.DIST.RANGE(10;0.5;5;8) | 0.623 |
| BINOM.INV | Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative distribution is β₯ the criterion. | =BINOM.INV(trials; probability; alpha) | =BINOM.INV(10;0.5;0.5) | 5 |
| CEILING.MATH | Rounds up to the nearest multiple. | =CEILING.MATH(number; [significance]; [mode]) | =CEILING.MATH(4.3) | 5 |
| CHISQ.DIST | Returns the chi-squared distribution. | =CHISQ.DIST(x; deg_freedom; cumulative) | =CHISQ.DIST(3;2;TRUE) | 0.7769 |
| CHISQ.DIST.RT | Returns the right-tailed chi-squared distribution. | =CHISQ.DIST.RT(x; deg_freedom) | =CHISQ.DIST.RT(3;2) | 0.2231 |
| CHISQ.INV | Returns the inverse of the chi-squared distribution. | =CHISQ.INV(probability; deg_freedom) | =CHISQ.INV(0.9;2) | 4.605 |
| CHISQ.INV.RT | Returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution. | =CHISQ.INV.RT(probability; deg_freedom) | =CHISQ.INV.RT(0.1;2) | 4.605 |
| CHISQ.TEST | Returns the chi-squared independence test. | =CHISQ.TEST(array1; array2) | =CHISQ.TEST({1,2};{3,4}) | p-value |
| CONFIDENCE.NORM | Returns the confidence interval using normal distribution. | =CONFIDENCE.NORM(Ξ±;Ο;n) | =CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.05;2;50) | 0.5548 |
| CONFIDENCE.T | Returns the confidence interval using t distribution. | =CONFIDENCE.T(Ξ±;Ο;n) | =CONFIDENCE.T(0.05;2;50) | 0.569 |
| CORREL | Returns the correlation coefficient. | =CORREL(array1; array2) | =CORREL({1,2,3};{2,4,6}) | 1 |
| COUNT | Counts numbers in a list of arguments. | =COUNT(value1; value2; ...) | =COUNT(1;"text";3) | 2 |
| COUNTA | Counts non-empty values. | =COUNTA(value1; value2; ...) | =COUNTA(1;"text";"") | 2 |
| COUNTBLANK | Counts blank cells. | =COUNTBLANK(range) | =COUNTBLANK(A1:A5) | 1 |
| COUNTIF | Counts cells that meet a criterion. | =COUNTIF(range; criterion) | =COUNTIF(A1:A5;">2") | 3 |
| COUNTIFS | Counts cells with multiple criteria. | =COUNTIFS(range1; criterion1; ...) | =COUNTIFS(A1:A5;">2";B1:B5;"<5") | 2 |
| COVARIANCE.P | Calculates the population covariance between two variables. | =COVARIANCE.P(array1; array2) | =COVARIANCE.P({2,4,6};{1,3,5}) | 4 |
| COVARIANCE.S | Calculates the sample covariance between two variables. | =COVARIANCE.S(array1; array2) | =COVARIANCE.S({2,4,6};{1,3,5}) | 4 |
| DEVSQ | Returns the sum of squares of deviations from the mean. | =DEVSQ(number1; number2; ...) | =DEVSQ(2;4;6) | 16 |
| EXPON.DIST | Returns the exponential distribution. | =EXPON.DIST(x; lambda; cumulative) | =EXPON.DIST(2;0.5;TRUE) | 0.6321 |
| F.DIST | Returns the F distribution. | =F.DIST(x; deg_freedom1; deg_freedom2; cumulative) | =F.DIST(2;5;2;TRUE) | 0.7769 |
| F.INV | Returns the inverse of the F distribution. | =F.INV(probability; deg_freedom1; deg_freedom2) | =F.INV(0.95;5;2) | 19.296 |
| F.TEST | Returns the result of an F-test. | =F.TEST(array1; array2) | =F.TEST({4,5,6};{1,2,3}) | 0.1 |
| FISHER | Returns the Fisher transformation. | =FISHER(x) | =FISHER(0.5) | 0.5493 |
| FISHERINV | Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation. | =FISHERINV(y) | =FISHERINV(0.5493) | 0.5 |
| FORECAST | Predicts a value using linear regression. | =FORECAST(x; known_y; known_x) | =FORECAST(5;{2,3,4};{1,2,3}) | 5 |
| FREQUENCY | Calculates how often values occur within intervals. | =FREQUENCY(data; bins) | =FREQUENCY({1,2,3};{2,3}) | {2;1} |
| GAMMA | Returns the value of the Gamma function. | =GAMMA(number) | =GAMMA(5) | 24 |
| GAMMA.INV | Returns the inverse of the Gamma distribution. | =GAMMA.INV(probability; alpha; beta) | =GAMMA.INV(0.5;2;2) | 2.77 |
| GAMMALN | Returns the natural logarithm of the Gamma function. | =GAMMALN(number) | =GAMMALN(5) | 3.178 |
| GEOMEAN | Returns the geometric mean. | =GEOMEAN(number1; number2; ...) | =GEOMEAN(4;16) | 8 |
| HARMEAN | Returns the harmonic mean. | =HARMEAN(number1; number2; ...) | =HARMEAN(4;16) | 6.4 |
| INTERCEPT | Returns the intercept of the linear regression line. | =INTERCEPT(known_y; known_x) | =INTERCEPT({2,3,4};{1,2,3}) | 1 |
| ISOWEEKNUM | Returns the ISO week number of the year. | =ISOWEEKNUM(date) | =ISOWEEKNUM("2024-01-01") | 1 |
| KURT | Returns the kurtosis of a data set. | =KURT(number1; number2; ...) | =KURT({1,2,3,4,5}) | -1.3 |
| LINEST | Returns statistics of the best-fit line. | =LINEST(known_y; known_x) | =LINEST({2,3,4};{1,2,3}) | coefficients |
| LOGEST | Returns statistics of an exponential curve. | =LOGEST(known_y; known_x) | =LOGEST({2,3,4};{1,2,3}) | coefficients |
| MAX | Returns the largest value among the arguments. | =MAX(number1; number2; ...) | =MAX(1;5;3) | 5 |
| MAXA | Returns the largest value including text and logical values. | =MAXA(value1; value2; ...) | =MAXA(1;TRUE;"3") | 3 |
| MEDIAN | Returns the median of the provided numbers. | =MEDIAN(number1; number2; ...) | =MEDIAN(1;3;5) | 3 |
| MIN | Returns the smallest value among the arguments. | =MIN(number1; number2; ...) | =MIN(1;5;3) | 1 |
| MINA | Returns the smallest value including logical values and text. | =MINA(value1; value2; ...) | =MINA(1;FALSE;"3") | 0 |
| MODE.MULT | Returns an array with the most frequent values. | =MODE.MULT(number1; number2; ...) | =MODE.MULT({1;2;2;3;3}) | 2;3 |
| MODE.SNGL | Returns the most frequent value. | =MODE.SNGL(number1; number2; ...) | =MODE.SNGL(1;2;2;3) | 2 |
| NEGBINOM.DIST | Returns the negative binomial distribution. | =NEGBINOM.DIST(number_f; number_s; prob_s; cumulative) | =NEGBINOM.DIST(10;5;0.25;TRUE) | 0.95 |
| NORM.DIST | Returns the normal distribution. | =NORM.DIST(x; mean; std_dev; cumulative) | =NORM.DIST(42;40;1.5;TRUE) | 0.9088 |
| NORM.S.INV | Returns the inverse of the standard normal distribution. | =NORM.S.INV(probability) | =NORM.S.INV(0.95) | 1.6449 |
| PEARSON | Returns the Pearson correlation coefficient. | =PEARSON(array1; array2) | =PEARSON({1;2;3};{4;5;6}) | 1 |
| PERCENTILE.EXC | Returns the k-th percentile, excluding the extremes. | =PERCENTILE.EXC(array; k) | =PERCENTILE.EXC({1;2;3;4;5};0.4) | 2.6 |
| PERCENTILE.INC | Returns the k-th percentile, including the extremes. | =PERCENTILE.INC(array; k) | =PERCENTILE.INC({1;2;3;4;5};0.4) | 3 |
| PERMUT | Returns the number of possible permutations. | =PERMUT(number; number_chosen) | =PERMUT(6;3) | 120 |
| PHI | Returns the density of the standard normal distribution. | =PHI(x) | =PHI(1) | 0.2419 |
| POISSON.DIST | Returns the Poisson distribution. | =POISSON.DIST(x; mean; cumulative) | =POISSON.DIST(3;2.5;TRUE) | 0.7576 |
| PROB | Returns the probability associated with a range of values. | =PROB(x_range; prob_range; lower_limit; [upper_limit]) | =PROB({1;2;3;4};{0.1;0.2;0.3;0.4};2;3) | 0.5 |
| QUARTILE.EXC | Returns the quartile of a data set, excluding the extremes. | =QUARTILE.EXC(array; quart) | =QUARTILE.EXC({1;2;3;4;5};1) | 2 |
| QUARTILE.INC | Returns the quartile of a data set, including the extremes. | =QUARTILE.INC(array; quart) | =QUARTILE.INC({1;2;3;4;5};1) | 2 |
| RANK.AVG | Returns the rank of a number, average in case of ties. | =RANK.AVG(number; ref; [order]) | =RANK.AVG(3;{1;2;3;4;5}) | 3 |
| RANK.EQ | Returns the rank of a number, first position in case of ties. | =RANK.EQ(number; ref; [order]) | =RANK.EQ(3;{1;2;3;4;5}) | 3 |
| RSQ | Returns the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient. | =RSQ(array1; array2) | =RSQ({1;2;3};{4;5;6}) | 1 |
| SKEW | Returns the skewness of a distribution. | =SKEW(number1; number2; ...) | =SKEW({1;2;3;4;5}) | 0 |
| SLOPE | Returns the slope of the linear regression line. | =SLOPE(known_y; known_x) | =SLOPE({2;3;4};{1;2;3}) | 1 |
| SMALL | Returns the k-th smallest value in a set. | =SMALL(array; k) | =SMALL({5;1;3};2) | 3 |
| STDEV.P | Returns the population standard deviation. | =STDEV.P(number1; number2; ...) | =STDEV.P(2;4;6) | 1.6329 |
| STDEV.S | Returns the sample standard deviation. | =STDEV.S(number1; number2; ...) | =STDEV.S(2;4;6) | 2 |
| STDEVA | Returns the sample standard deviation including logical values and text. | =STDEVA(value1; value2; ...) | =STDEVA(2;4;6;TRUE) | 1.8708 |
| STDEVPA | Returns the population standard deviation including logical values and text. | =STDEVPA(value1; value2; ...) | =STDEVPA(2;4;6;TRUE) | 1.5 |
| VAR.P | Returns the population variance. | =VAR.P(number1; number2; ...) | =VAR.P(2;4;6) | 2.6667 |
| VAR.S | Returns the sample variance. | =VAR.S(number1; number2; ...) | =VAR.S(2;4;6) | 4 |
| VARA | Returns the sample variance with logical values and text. | =VARA(value1; value2; ...) | =VARA(2;4;6;TRUE) | 3.5 |
| VARPA | Returns the population variance with logical values and text. | =VARPA(value1; value2; ...) | =VARPA(2;4;6;TRUE) | 2.25 |
| WEIBULL.DIST | Returns the Weibull distribution. | =WEIBULL.DIST(x; alpha; beta; cumulative) | =WEIBULL.DIST(105;20;100;TRUE) | 0.9296 |
| Z.TEST | Returns the value of the z-test. | =Z.TEST(array; x; [sigma]) | =Z.TEST({1;2;3;4;5};4) | 0.1841 |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARRAYTOTEXT | Converts an array or range to text. | =ARRAYTOTEXT(array; [format]) | =ARRAYTOTEXT(A1:A3) | "value1, value2, value3" |
| ASC | Converts double-width characters to single-width. | =ASC(text) | =ASC("ο½±") | "γ’" |
| CHAR | Returns the character corresponding to a number. | =CHAR(number) | =CHAR(65) | "A" |
| CLEAN | Removes all non-printable characters from text. | =CLEAN(text) | =CLEAN("Text"&CHAR(7)) | "Text" |
| CODE | Returns the numeric code of the first character in a text. | =CODE(text) | =CODE("A") | 65 |
| CONCAT | Concatenates a list or range of texts. | =CONCAT(text1; [text2]; ...) | =CONCAT(A1:A3) | "Text1Text2Text3" |
| CONCATENATE | Joins up to 255 texts into one. | =CONCATENATE(text1; text2; ...) | =CONCATENATE("Good ";"morning") | "Good morning" |
| DBCS | Converts single-width characters to double-width. | =DBCS(text) | =DBCS("A") | "οΌ‘" |
| DOLLAR | Converts a number to text in currency format. | =DOLLAR(number; [decimals]) | =DOLLAR(1234.56; 2) | "$1,234.56" |
| EXACT | Checks if two texts are exactly equal. | =EXACT(text1; text2) | =EXACT("Text";"text") | FALSE |
| FIND | Returns the position of a text within another (case-sensitive). | =FIND(find_text; within_text; [start]) | =FIND("a";"Casa") | 2 |
| FINDB | Version of FIND that considers bytes in double-byte languages. | =FINDB(find_text; within_text; [start]) | =FINDB("ε";"ζε") | 2 |
| FIXED | Formats a number as text with fixed decimal places. | =FIXED(number; [decimals]; [no_commas]) | =FIXED(1234.567; 2) | "1,234.57" |
| LEFT | Returns the first characters of a text. | =LEFT(text; [num_chars]) | =LEFT("Text"; 3) | "Tex" |
| LEN | Counts the number of characters in a text. | =LEN(text) | =LEN("Excel") | 5 |
| LOWER | Converts all text to lowercase. | =LOWER(text) | =LOWER("EXCEL") | "excel" |
| MID | Extracts characters from a text starting at a specific position. | =MID(text; start; num_chars) | =MID("Excel";2;3) | "xce" |
| NUMBERVALUE | Converts text to a number with custom separators. | =NUMBERVALUE(text; [decimal_sep]; [group_sep]) | =NUMBERVALUE("1.234,56";",";".") | 1234.56 |
| PHONETIC | Extracts phonetic characters from a cell with Japanese characters. | =PHONETIC(reference) | =PHONETIC(A1) | "Phonetic" |
| PROPER | Capitalizes the first letter of each word. | =PROPER(text) | =PROPER("sample text") | "Sample Text" |
| REPLACE | Replaces part of a text with another. | =REPLACE(old_text; start; num_chars; new_text) | =REPLACE("123456";1;3;"abc") | "abc456" |
| REPT | Repeats a text a specific number of times. | =REPT(text; num_times) | =REPT("A";4) | "AAAA" |
| RIGHT | Returns the last characters of a text. | =RIGHT(text; [num_chars]) | =RIGHT("Text";2) | "xt" |
| SEARCH | Returns the position of a text within another (not case-sensitive). | =SEARCH(find_text; within_text; [start]) | =SEARCH("a";"Casa") | 2 |
| SUBSTITUTE | Replaces existing text with new text. | =SUBSTITUTE(text; old_text; new_text; [instance]) | =SUBSTITUTE("1-2-3";"-";".") | "1.2.3" |
| T | Returns the text if it is text, otherwise returns "". | =T(value) | =T("Text") | "Text" |
| TEXT | Formats a number and converts it to text. | =TEXT(value; format_text) | =TEXT(1234.5;"$ #,##0.00") | "$ 1,234.50" |
| TEXTAFTER | Returns the text after a delimiter. | =TEXTAFTER(text; delimiter) | =TEXTAFTER("email@domain.com";"@") | "domain.com" |
| TEXTBEFORE | Returns the text before a delimiter. | =TEXTBEFORE(text; delimiter) | =TEXTBEFORE("email@domain.com";"@") | "email" |
| TEXTJOIN | Concatenates text with a delimiter. | =TEXTJOIN(delimiter; ignore_empty; text1; ...) | =TEXTJOIN(", ";TRUE;"A";"B";"C") | "A, B, C" |
| TEXTSPLIT | Splits text using delimiters. | =TEXTSPLIT(text; col_delimiter; [row_delimiter]) | =TEXTSPLIT("A,B,C";",") | "A" "B" "C" |
| TRIM | Removes extra spaces from text. | =TRIM(text) | =TRIM(" text with spaces ") | "text with spaces" |
| UNICHAR | Returns the Unicode character corresponding to a number. | =UNICHAR(number) | =UNICHAR(9731) | "β" |
| UNICODE | Returns the Unicode number of the first character of a text. | =UNICODE(text) | =UNICODE("A") | 65 |
| UPPER | Converts all text to uppercase. | =UPPER(text) | =UPPER("text") | "TEXT" |
| VALUE | Converts text representing a number to a numeric value. | =VALUE(text) | =VALUE("123") | 123 |
| VALUETOTEXT | Explicitly converts a value to text. | =VALUETOTEXT(value) | =VALUETOTEXT(123) | "123" |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COUPDAYBS | Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date. | =COUPDAYBS(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYBS(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 91 |
| COUPDAYS | Returns the number of days in the coupon period containing the settlement date. | =COUPDAYS(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYS(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 182 |
| COUPDAYSNC | Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date. | =COUPDAYSNC(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYSNC(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 91 |
| COUPNCD | Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date. | =COUPNCD(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPNCD(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 09/01/2025 |
| COUPNUM | Returns the number of coupon periods between settlement and maturity. | =COUPNUM(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPNUM(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 10 |
| COUPPCD | Returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date. | =COUPPCD(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPPCD(DATE(2025;6;1); DATE(2030;6;1); 2) | 03/01/2025 |
| DATE | Returns the serial number of a specific date. | =DATE(year; month; day) | =DATE(2025;6;23) | 45399 |
| DATEDIF | Calculates the difference between two dates. | =DATEDIF(start_date; end_date; unit) | =DATEDIF("01/01/2020";"01/01/2025";"y") | 5 |
| DATEVALUE | Converts a date in text format to a serial number. | =DATEVALUE(date_text) | =DATEVALUE("06/23/2025") | 45399 |
| DAY | Returns the day of a date. | =DAY(date) | =DAY("06/23/2025") | 23 |
| DAYS | Returns the number of days between two dates. | =DAYS(end_date; start_date) | =DAYS("06/23/2025";"01/01/2025") | 173 |
| DAYS360 | Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year. | =DAYS360(start_date; end_date; [method]) | =DAYS360("01/01/2025";"12/31/2025") | 360 |
| EDATE | Returns the date corresponding to months before/after a start date. | =EDATE(start_date; months) | =EDATE("01/01/2025";6) | 07/01/2025 |
| EOMONTH | Returns the last day of the month before or after the start date. | =EOMONTH(start_date; months) | =EOMONTH("06/15/2025";1) | 07/31/2025 |
| HOUR | Returns the hour of a specific time. | =HOUR(time) | =HOUR("13:45") | 13 |
| ISOWEEKNUM | Returns the ISO week number of the year. | =ISOWEEKNUM(date) | =ISOWEEKNUM("01/01/2025") | 1 |
| MINUTE | Returns the minutes of a time. | =MINUTE(time) | =MINUTE("13:45") | 45 |
| MONTH | Returns the month of a date. | =MONTH(date) | =MONTH("06/23/2025") | 6 |
| NETWORKDAYS | Returns the number of working days between two dates. | =NETWORKDAYS(start_date; end_date; [holidays]) | =NETWORKDAYS("06/01/2025";"06/30/2025") | 21 |
| NETWORKDAYS.INTL | Returns working days between dates with custom weekends. | =NETWORKDAYS.INTL(start; end; [weekend]; [holidays]) | =NETWORKDAYS.INTL("06/01/2025";"06/30/2025";1) | 21 |
| NOW | Returns the current date and time. | =NOW() | =NOW() | 06/23/2025 11:00 (varies) |
| SECOND | Returns the seconds of a time. | =SECOND(time) | =SECOND("12:34:56") | 56 |
| TIME | Returns the time based on hours, minutes, and seconds. | =TIME(hour; minute; second) | =TIME(13;30;0) | 13:30 |
| TIMEVALUE | Converts a time in text format to a decimal number. | =TIMEVALUE(time_text) | =TIMEVALUE("13:30") | 0.5625 |
| TODAY | Returns the current date. | =TODAY() | =TODAY() | 06/23/2025 |
| WEEKDAY | Returns the number corresponding to the day of the week. | =WEEKDAY(date; [type]) | =WEEKDAY("06/23/2025";2) | 1 (Monday) |
| WEEKNUM | Returns the week number in the year. | =WEEKNUM(date; [type]) | =WEEKNUM("06/23/2025";2) | 26 |
| WORKDAY | Returns the date after a number of working days. | =WORKDAY(start_date; days; [holidays]) | =WORKDAY("06/01/2025";10) | 06/13/2025 |
| WORKDAY.INTL | Returns the date after custom working days. | =WORKDAY.INTL(start_date; days; [weekend]; [holidays]) | =WORKDAY.INTL("06/01/2025";10;11) | 06/14/2025 |
| YEAR | Returns the year of a date. | =YEAR(date) | =YEAR("06/23/2025") | 2025 |
| YEARFRAC | Returns the fraction of the year between two dates. | =YEARFRAC(start_date; end_date; [basis]) | =YEARFRAC("01/01/2025";"06/30/2025") | 0.5 |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AND | Returns TRUE if all arguments are TRUE. | =AND(logical1; logical2; ...) | =AND(2>1; 3>2) | TRUE |
| FALSE | Returns the logical value FALSE. | =FALSE() | =FALSE() | FALSE |
| IF | Performs a logical test and returns one value for TRUE and another for FALSE. | =IF(logical_test; value_if_true; value_if_false) | =IF(2>1;"Yes";"No") | Yes |
| IFERROR | Returns a specified value if the formula generates an error. | =IFERROR(value; value_if_error) | =IFERROR(1/0;"Error!") | Error! |
| IFNA | Returns a value if the formula results in #N/A. | =IFNA(value; value_if_na) | =IFNA(VLOOKUP("X";A1:B5;2;FALSE);"Not found") | Not found |
| IFS | Returns a value corresponding to the first TRUE condition. | =IFS(condition1; value1; condition2; value2; ...) | =IFS(A1=1;"One";A1=2;"Two") | One (or Two) |
| NOT | Reverses the logical value of its argument. | =NOT(logical) | =NOT(TRUE) | FALSE |
| OR | Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE. | =OR(logical1; logical2; ...) | =OR(1>2; 3>2) | TRUE |
| SWITCH | Compares an expression against a list of values and returns the corresponding result. | =SWITCH(expression; value1; result1; [value2; result2]; ...) | =SWITCH(2; 1;"One"; 2;"Two"; "Other") | Two |
| TRUE | Returns the logical value TRUE. | =TRUE() | =TRUE() | TRUE |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADDRESS | Returns a cell reference as text. | =ADDRESS(row; column; [abs_num]; [a1]; [sheet]) | =ADDRESS(1;2) | $B$1 |
| AREAS | Returns the number of areas in a reference. | =AREAS(ref) | =AREAS((A1:B2;D4:E5)) | 2 |
| CHOOSE | Chooses a value from a list based on an index. | =CHOOSE(index_num; value1; value2; ...) | =CHOOSE(2;"Apple";"Banana";"Cherry") | Banana |
| CHOOSECOLS | Returns specific columns from an array. | =CHOOSECOLS(array; col1; [col2]; ...) | =CHOOSECOLS(A1:D5;1;3) | Columns A and C |
| CHOOSEROWS | Returns specific rows from an array. | =CHOOSEROWS(array; row1; [row2]; ...) | =CHOOSEROWS(A1:D5;1;3) | Rows 1 and 3 |
| COLUMN | Returns the column number of a reference. | =COLUMN([ref]) | =COLUMN(B3) | 2 |
| COLUMNS | Returns the number of columns in an array or reference. | =COLUMNS(array) | =COLUMNS(A1:D1) | 4 |
| CUBEMEMBER | Returns a member or tuple from a data cube. | =CUBEMEMBER(connection; member_expression) | =CUBEMEMBER("Connection";"[Product].[All Products].[Computer]") | Computer |
| CUBESET | Defines a calculated set of members from a cube. | =CUBESET(connection; set_expression; [caption]) | =CUBESET("Connection";"[Product].[Category].Children") | Category set |
| CUBESETCOUNT | Returns the number of items in a set. | =CUBESETCOUNT(set) | =CUBESETCOUNT(A1) | Depends on the set |
| CUBEVALUE | Returns an aggregated value from a cube. | =CUBEVALUE(connection; member1; [member2]; ...) | =CUBEVALUE("Connection";"[Date].[2025]";"[Product].[Computer]") | Value |
| DROP | Removes rows or columns from an array. | =DROP(array; rows; columns) | =DROP(A1:D5;1;0) | Array without first row |
| EXPAND | Expands an array to specified dimensions. | =EXPAND(array; rows; columns; [pad_value]) | =EXPAND({1\2};3;2) | 1 2 + empty cell |
| FILTER | Filters a range based on criteria. | =FILTER(array; include; [if_empty]) | =FILTER(A1:B10;B1:B10>100) | Rows with value > 100 |
| FORMULATEXT | Returns the formula of a cell as text. | =FORMULATEXT(ref) | =FORMULATEXT(A1) | "=A2+A3" |
| GETPIVOTDATA | Extracts data from a PivotTable. | =GETPIVOTDATA(data_field; pivot_table; [field1; item1]; ...) | =GETPIVOTDATA("Sales"; A3; "Product"; "Computer") | Value |
| HLOOKUP | Looks up a value in the top row of an array. | =HLOOKUP(lookup_value; table; row_index_num; [range_lookup]) | =HLOOKUP(1; A1:D2; 2; FALSE) | Corresponding value |
| HSTACK | Combines multiple arrays horizontally. | =HSTACK(array1; array2; ...) | =HSTACK({1;2};{3;4}) | {1 3; 2 4} |
| HYPERLINK | Creates a shortcut to open a stored document. | =HYPERLINK(link; [name]) | =HYPERLINK("https://example.com";"Click here") | Link |
| INDEX | Returns the value of a cell based on rows and columns. | =INDEX(array; row_num; [col_num]) | =INDEX(A1:C3;2;2) | Value in cell B2 |
| INDIRECT | Returns the reference specified by a text string. | =INDIRECT(ref_text) | =INDIRECT("A1") | Value at A1 |
| LOOKUP | Looks up a value in a range and returns another value. | =LOOKUP(lookup_value; lookup_vector; result_vector) | =LOOKUP(4;A1:A5;B1:B5) | Result |
| MATCH | Returns the relative position of an item in a range. | =MATCH(lookup_value; lookup_array; [match_type]) | =MATCH(25;A1:A10;0) | Position |
| OFFSET | Returns a reference offset from a cell. | =OFFSET(ref; rows; cols; [height]; [width]) | =OFFSET(A1;2;3) | Value 2 rows down and 3 right |
| RANDARRAY | Returns an array of random numbers. | =RANDARRAY([rows]; [cols]; [min]; [max]; [integer]) | =RANDARRAY(3;2;1;10;TRUE) | Random array |
| RTD | Returns real-time data from a COM program. | =RTD(progID; server; topic1; ...) | =RTD("myserver.progid";;;"topic") | Real-time value |
| SEQUENCE | Generates a sequential list of numbers. | =SEQUENCE(rows; [cols]; [start]; [step]) | =SEQUENCE(3;1;1;1) | 1;2;3 |
| SORT | Sorts an array. | =SORT(array; [sort_index]; [sort_order]; [by_col]) | =SORT(A1:A5) | Sorted array |
| SORTBY | Sorts an array based on another. | =SORTBY(array; by_array1; [order1]; ...) | =SORTBY(A1:A5;B1:B5) | Sorted by B |
| TRANSPOSE | Transposes an array. | =TRANSPOSE(array) | =TRANSPOSE(A1:B2) | Transposed array |
| TRIMRANGE | Removes blank cells from an array. | =TRIMRANGE(array) | =TRIMRANGE(A1:A10) | Compact range |
| UNIQUE | Returns unique values from a range. | =UNIQUE(array; [by_row]; [exactly_once]) | =UNIQUE(A1:A10) | Unique values |
| VLOOKUP | Looks up a value in the first column of a table. | =VLOOKUP(value; table; col_index_num; [range_lookup]) | =VLOOKUP(101;A1:B10;2;FALSE) | Corresponding value |
| XLOOKUP | Looks up a value in a range and returns the corresponding value. | =XLOOKUP(value; lookup_array; return_array; [not_found]; ...) | =XLOOKUP(101;A1:A10;B1:B10;"Not found") | Corresponding value |
| XMATCH | Returns the position of an item in an array or range. | =XMATCH(lookup_value; lookup_array; [match_mode]; [search_mode]) | =XMATCH("Apple";A1:A10) | Position |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACCRINT | Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest. | =ACCRINT(issue; first_interest; settlement; rate; par; frequency; [basis]; [method]) | =ACCRINT("01/01/2024";"07/01/2024";"06/01/2024";0.1;1000;2) | 50 |
| ACCRINTM | Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity. | =ACCRINTM(issue; maturity; rate; par; [basis]) | =ACCRINTM("01/01/2024";"07/01/2024";0.1;1000) | 50 |
| AMORDEGRC | Returns the depreciation of an asset using a depreciation coefficient. | =AMORDEGRC(cost; date_purchased; first_period; salvage; period; rate; [basis]) | =AMORDEGRC(10000;"01/01/2020";"12/31/2020";5;1;0.15) | 2000 |
| AMORLINC | Returns the linear depreciation of an asset. | =AMORLINC(cost; date_purchased; first_period; salvage; period; rate; [basis]) | =AMORLINC(10000;"01/01/2020";"12/31/2020";5;1;0.15) | 1500 |
| COUPDAYBS | Returns the number of days from the start of the coupon period to the settlement date. | =COUPDAYBS(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYBS("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | 0 |
| COUPDAYS | Returns the number of days in the coupon period containing the settlement date. | =COUPDAYS(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYS("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | 182 |
| COUPDAYSNC | Returns the number of days from settlement to the next coupon date. | =COUPDAYSNC(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPDAYSNC("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | 182 |
| COUPNCD | Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date. | =COUPNCD(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPNCD("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | "12/01/2024" |
| COUPNUM | Returns the number of coupon payments between settlement and maturity. | =COUPNUM(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPNUM("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | 10 |
| COUPPCD | Returns the last coupon date before settlement. | =COUPPCD(settlement; maturity; frequency; [basis]) | =COUPPCD("06/01/2024";"06/01/2029";2) | "12/01/2023" |
| CUMIPMT | Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan between two periods. | =CUMIPMT(rate; nper; pv; start_period; end_period; type) | =CUMIPMT(0.1/12;12;10000;1;12;0) | -549.29 |
| CUMPRINC | Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between two periods. | =CUMPRINC(rate; nper; pv; start_period; end_period; type) | =CUMPRINC(0.1/12;12;10000;1;12;0) | -9445.71 |
| DB | Returns depreciation of an asset using the fixed-declining balance method. | =DB(cost; salvage; life; period; [month]) | =DB(10000;1000;5;1) | 2000 |
| DDB | Returns depreciation of an asset using the double-declining balance method. | =DDB(cost; salvage; life; period; [factor]) | =DDB(10000;1000;5;1) | 4000 |
| EFFECT | Returns the effective annual interest rate based on the nominal rate and compounding periods. | =EFFECT(nominal_rate; npery) | =EFFECT(10%;12) | 10.47% |
| FV | Returns the future value of an investment. | =FV(rate; nper; pmt; pv; [type]) | =FV(0.1;12;-100;0) | 1268.25 |
| IPMT | Returns the interest payment for a specific period of an investment. | =IPMT(rate; per; nper; pv; [fv]; [type]) | =IPMT(0.1;12;10000;0;0) | -83.33 |
| IRR | Returns the internal rate of return of an investment. | =IRR(values; [guess]) | =IRR({-1000; 300; 400; 500}) | 8.64% |
| ISPMT | Returns the interest paid during a specific period of an investment. | =ISPMT(rate; per; nper; pv) | =ISPMT(0.1;4;-1000;1) | -250 |
| MIRR | Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash flows. | =MIRR(values; finance_rate; reinvest_rate) | =MIRR({-1000;300;400;500}; 0.1; 0.12) | 12.36% |
| NPV | Returns the net present value of an investment based on a discount rate. | =NPV(rate; value1; [value2]; ...) | =NPV(0.1; 300; 400; 500) - 1000 | 88.65 |
| PMT | Returns the payment for a loan based on constant payments and interest rate. | =PMT(rate; nper; pv; [fv]; [type]) | =PMT(0.1;12;10000) | -879.16 |
| PPMT | Returns the principal payment for a specific period of a loan. | =PPMT(rate; per; nper; pv; [fv]; [type]) | =PPMT(0.1;12;10000;0;0) | -795.83 |
| RATE | Returns the interest rate per period of a loan or investment. | =RATE(nper; pmt; pv; [fv]; [type]; [guess]) | =RATE(12;-1000;10000) | 0.0077 |
| SLN | Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset. | =SLN(cost; salvage; life) | =SLN(10000;1000;5) | 1800 |
| SYD | Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset. | =SYD(cost; salvage; life; per) | =SYD(10000;1000;5;1) | 3000 |
| XIRR | Returns the internal rate of return for non-periodic cash flows. | =XIRR(values; dates; [guess]) | =XIRR({-1000; 300; 400; 500}; {"2024-01-01"; "2024-06-01"; "2024-12-01"; "2025-06-01"}) | 9.37% |
| XNPV | Returns the net present value for non-periodic cash flows. | =XNPV(rate; values; dates) | =XNPV(0.1; {-1000; 300; 400; 500}; {"2024-01-01"; "2024-06-01"; "2024-12-01"; "2025-06-01"}) | 84.75 |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BESSELI | Returns the modified Bessel function of the first kind. | =BESSELI(x; n) | =BESSELI(1; 1) | 0.565 |
| BESSELJ | Returns the Bessel function of the first kind. | =BESSELJ(x; n) | =BESSELJ(1; 1) | 0.440 |
| BESSELK | Returns the modified Bessel function of the second kind. | =BESSELK(x; n) | =BESSELK(1; 1) | 0.601 |
| BESSELY | Returns the Bessel function of the second kind. | =BESSELY(x; n) | =BESSELY(1; 1) | -0.781 |
| BIN2DEC | Converts a binary number to decimal. | =BIN2DEC(number) | =BIN2DEC("1010") | 10 |
| BIN2HEX | Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. | =BIN2HEX(number) | =BIN2HEX("1010") | A |
| COMPLEX | Converts real and imaginary coefficients into a complex number. | =COMPLEX(real; imaginary; [suffix]) | =COMPLEX(1;2) | 1+2i |
| DEC2BIN | Converts a decimal number to binary. | =DEC2BIN(number) | =DEC2BIN(10) | 1010 |
| DEC2HEX | Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal. | =DEC2HEX(number) | =DEC2HEX(10) | A |
| DELTA | Tests whether two numbers are equal. | =DELTA(number1; [number2]) | =DELTA(5;5) | 1 |
| ERF | Returns the error function integrated. | =ERF(lower_limit; [upper_limit]) | =ERF(1) | 0.8427 |
| ERFC | Returns the complementary error function. | =ERFC(x) | =ERFC(1) | 0.1573 |
| GESTEP | Tests whether a number is greater than or equal to a threshold. | =GESTEP(number; [step]) | =GESTEP(5;3) | 1 |
| HEX2BIN | Converts a hexadecimal number to binary. | =HEX2BIN(number) | =HEX2BIN("A") | 1010 |
| HEX2DEC | Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal. | =HEX2DEC(number) | =HEX2DEC("A") | 10 |
| IMABS | Returns the absolute value of a complex number. | =IMABS(complex_number) | =IMABS("3+4i") | 5 |
| IMARG | Returns the argument (angle) of a complex number. | =IMARG(complex_number) | =IMARG("1+i") | 0.7854 |
| IMCONJUGATE | Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number. | =IMCONJUGATE(complex_number) | =IMCONJUGATE("3+4i") | 3-4i |
| IMCOS | Returns the cosine of a complex number. | =IMCOS(complex_number) | =IMCOS("1+i") | 0.8337-0.9889i |
| IMCOSH | Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number. | =IMCOSH(complex_number) | =IMCOSH("1+i") | 0.8337+0.9889i |
| IMCOT | Returns the cotangent of a complex number. | =IMCOT(complex_number) | =IMCOT("1+i") | 0.2176-0.8680i |
| IMCSC | Returns the cosecant of a complex number. | =IMCSC(complex_number) | =IMCSC("1+i") | 0.6215-0.3039i |
| IMDIV | Returns the quotient of two complex numbers. | =IMDIV(number1; number2) | =IMDIV("1+i";"1-i") | 0+1i |
| IMEXP | Returns the exponential of a complex number. | =IMEXP(complex_number) | =IMEXP("0+PI()i") | -1+0i |
| IMLN | Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number. | =IMLN(complex_number) | =IMLN("1+i") | 0.3466+0.7854i |
| IMLOG10 | Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number. | =IMLOG10(complex_number) | =IMLOG10("1+i") | 0.1505+0.3411i |
| IMLOG2 | Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number. | =IMLOG2(complex_number) | =IMLOG2("1+i") | 0.5+1.1331i |
| IMOD | Returns the modulus of two complex numbers. | =IMOD(number1; number2) | =IMOD("1+i";"1-i") | 0+1i |
| IMPOWER | Returns a complex number raised to a power. | =IMPOWER(complex_number; power) | =IMPOWER("2+i";2) | 3+4i |
| IMPRODUCT | Returns the product of two or more complex numbers. | =IMPRODUCT(number1; number2; ...) | =IMPRODUCT("2+i";"1+i") | 1+3i |
| IMSIN | Returns the sine of a complex number. | =IMSIN(complex_number) | =IMSIN("1+i") | 1.2985+0.6349i |
| IMSINH | Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number. | =IMSINH(complex_number) | =IMSINH("1+i") | 0.6349+1.2985i |
| IMSQRT | Returns the square root of a complex number. | =IMSQRT(complex_number) | =IMSQRT("3+4i") | 2+1i |
| IMSUB | Returns the subtraction of two complex numbers. | =IMSUB(number1; number2) | =IMSUB("3+4i";"1+2i") | 2+2i |
| IMSUM | Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers. | =IMSUM(number1; number2; ...) | =IMSUM("3+4i";"1+2i") | 4+6i |
| OCT2BIN | Converts an octal number to binary. | =OCT2BIN(number) | =OCT2BIN("10") | 1000 |
| OCT2DEC | Converts an octal number to decimal. | =OCT2DEC(number) | =OCT2DEC("10") | 8 |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAVERAGE | Calculates the average of values in a database field that meet specified criteria. | =DAVERAGE(database; field; criteria) | =DAVERAGE(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Average of ages |
| DCOUNT | Counts numbers in a database field that meet specified criteria. | =DCOUNT(database; field; criteria) | =DCOUNT(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Count of numeric values |
| DCOUNTA | Counts non-empty values in a database field that meet specified criteria. | =DCOUNTA(database; field; criteria) | =DCOUNTA(A1:C10; "Name"; E1:E2) | Count of names |
| DGET | Extracts a single value from a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DGET(database; field; criteria) | =DGET(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Single value |
| DMAX | Returns the largest number in a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DMAX(database; field; criteria) | =DMAX(A1:C10; "Salary"; E1:E2) | Highest salary |
| DMIN | Returns the smallest number in a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DMIN(database; field; criteria) | =DMIN(A1:C10; "Salary"; E1:E2) | Lowest salary |
| DPRODUCT | Multiplies the values in a database field that meet specified criteria. | =DPRODUCT(database; field; criteria) | =DPRODUCT(A1:C10; "Value"; E1:E2) | Product of values |
| DSTDEV.P | Calculates the population standard deviation of a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DSTDEV.P(database; field; criteria) | =DSTDEV.P(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Population std dev. |
| DSTDEV.S | Calculates the sample standard deviation of a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DSTDEV.S(database; field; criteria) | =DSTDEV.S(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Sample std dev. |
| DSUM | Sums the values in a database field that meet specified criteria. | =DSUM(database; field; criteria) | =DSUM(A1:C10; "Value"; E1:E2) | Sum of values |
| DVAR.P | Calculates the population variance of a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DVAR.P(database; field; criteria) | =DVAR.P(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Population variance |
| DVAR.S | Calculates the sample variance of a database field that meets specified criteria. | =DVAR.S(database; field; criteria) | =DVAR.S(A1:C10; "Age"; E1:E2) | Sample variance |
| Function | Description | Syntax | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BYCOL | Applies a formula to each column of an array. | =BYCOL(array; lambda(col)) | =BYCOL(A1:C3; LAMBDA(col; SUM(col))) | Sum of each column |
| BYROW | Applies a formula to each row of an array. | =BYROW(array; lambda(row)) | =BYROW(A1:C3; LAMBDA(r; AVERAGE(r))) | Average of each row |
| FILTER | Filters an array based on a criterion. | =FILTER(array; include; [if_empty]) | =FILTER(A2:A10; B2:B10>5) | Rows with values > 5 |
| LAMBDA | Creates custom functions without VBA. | =LAMBDA(parameters; calculation) | =LAMBDA(x; x+1)(5) | 6 |
| LET | Assigns names to intermediate results. | =LET(name; value; calculation) | =LET(x; 5; x*2) | 10 |
| MAKEARRAY | Creates an array based on a custom function. | =MAKEARRAY(rows; cols; lambda) | =MAKEARRAY(2;3;LAMBDA(r;c;r+c)) | [[2,3,4],[3,4,5]] |
| MAP | Transforms one or more arrays with a function. | =MAP(array1; [array2]; ...; lambda) | =MAP(A1:A3; LAMBDA(x; x^2)) | Square of values |
| RANDARRAY | Returns an array of random numbers. | =RANDARRAY([rows]; [cols]; [min]; [max]; [integer]) | =RANDARRAY(2;2;1;10;TRUE) | Ex: [[3,7],[1,9]] |
| REDUCE | Reduces an array to a value using an accumulator. | =REDUCE(initial; array; lambda) | =REDUCE(0; A1:A3; LAMBDA(a;b; a+b)) | Total sum |
| SCAN | Scans an array applying a step-by-step accumulator function. | =SCAN(initial; array; lambda) | =SCAN(0; A1:A3; LAMBDA(a;b; a+b)) | Progressive accumulation |
| SEQUENCE | Generates a sequence of numbers. | =SEQUENCE(rows; [cols]; [start]; [step]) | =SEQUENCE(3;1;1;1) | 1, 2, 3 |
| SINGLE | Returns a single value from an array. | =SINGLE(value) | =SINGLE({1;2;3}) | 1 |
| SORT | Sorts an array. | =SORT(array; [index]; [order]; [by_col]) | =SORT(A1:A5) | Sorted values |
| SORTBY | Sorts based on another array. | =SORTBY(array; sort_array) | =SORTBY(A1:A5; B1:B5) | Sorted by B |
| TOCOL | Transforms an array into a single column. | =TOCOL(array; [ignore]; [scan_mode]) | =TOCOL(A1:C2) | Column with all values |
| TOROW | Transforms an array into a single row. | =TOROW(array; [ignore]; [scan_mode]) | =TOROW(A1:C2) | Row with all values |
| UNIQUE | Removes duplicates from an array. | =UNIQUE(array; [by_col]; [exactly_once]) | =UNIQUE(A1:A10) | Unique values |
| WRAPCOLS | Rearranges values into columns. | =WRAPCOLS(vector; wrap_count) | =WRAPCOLS(A1:A6; 2) | [[A,B],[C,D],[E,F]] |
| WRAPROWS | Rearranges values into rows. | =WRAPROWS(vector; wrap_count) | =WRAPROWS(A1:A6; 2) | [[A,C,E],[B,D,F]] |
| XLOOKUP | Looks up a value in an array and returns the corresponding value. | =XLOOKUP(lookup_value; lookup_array; return_array) | =XLOOKUP("John"; A1:A10; B1:B10) | Corresponding result |
| XMATCH | Returns the position of an item in an array. | =XMATCH(value; array; [match_mode]; [search_mode]) | =XMATCH(5; A1:A10) | Value position |